• Issue 1 (2016)
• Issue 2 (2016)

Development of Waste Heat Fired Activated Carbon Ammonia Adsorption Chiller

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 131 - 135

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.008

by Mohammed Sadhikh, Jaice Joy Skaria from College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA Mechanical Engineer, Engineering Innovation Design & Consulting LLC, Oman

Abstract: Adsorption systems are promising alternatives to the existing refrigeration systems in the wake of alarming energy crises and potential danger due to the use of ozone-depleting refrigerants. Sorption systems use thermal energy as their power source and solid adsorbent beds to adsorb and desorb a refrigerant to obtain the desired cooling effect. Solar energy, engine exhaust, and low-grade waste heat could be used to drive the sorption compressors. The use of non-ozone-depleting refrigerants makes these systems environmentally benign. Adsorption refrigeration systems can meet the cooling requirement across a wide range of temperatures. These systems have minimal moving parts and hence they are free of noise, vibration, and related problems. This paper will present the description, operation, and simulated system characteristics for a 1000W adsorption chiller. The adsorption system performance factors such as coefficient of performance (COP), specific cooling power (SCP), and cycle time were predicted. Parameters such as the generation and adsorption temperature, condenser, and evaporator temperature were varied to analyze the influence of the varied operating conditions. A two bed 1000 W capacity adsorption water chiller to chill water from 12 to 7 C was considered for the simulation. COP of the simulated system ranged between 0.3 to 0.4 and SCP from 90 to 180 W/kg AC respectively. The maximum value of cycle time obtained was 25 minutes when the generation outlet temperature was 180 oC. read more... read less...

Keywords: Adsorption, Waste Heat, Chiller

Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Power Plant Based on a Three Reactor Chemical Looping Reforming System

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 125 - 130

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.007

by Mohammed N. Khan, Tariq Shamim from Institute Center for Energy (iEnergy), Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Abstract: Chemical looping reforming (CLR) is an innovative way of simultaneously producing hydrogen (H2) and capturing carbon dioxide (CO2). In the CLR process, the fuel and the oxidizer do not meet and therefore, there is no energy penalty for separating CO2 as opposed to the conventional power plants. The only thing required to do to obtain pure H2 and CO2 is to condense the water vapor in both streams. The process is divided into three steps: oxidation of fuel in the fuel reactor (FR) to form CO2 and H2O, reduction of steam to form H2 in the steam reactor (SR), and the complete oxidation of the metal-oxygen carrier (OC) in the air reactor (AR). When the CLR system is integrated with a full power plant, there are energy losses in each of the components. It is necessary to know where the exergy is being destroyed and where it can be avoided. Therefore, an exergy analysis has been performed on the plant consisting of CLR system, steam cycle (SC) which incorporates triple pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and the compression system for compressing H2 and CO2 to high pressures ready for consumption or sequestration. This study employs an Aspen plus model to investigate the influences of various operating parameters such as the flow rates of fuel, air, steam, and OC on the electrical, H2 and exergetic efficiencies of the plant. The results show that the electrical and the H2 efficiencies are dependent on the reactor temperatures. The reactor temperatures can be easily controlled by varying the flow rates of the reactants. It is observed from the results that higher electrical efficiencies are obtained at lower fuel, steam, and airflow rates and higher OC flow rates. While the higher H2 efficiencies are obtained at lower flow rates of OC, air, and steam and higher flow rates of fuel. Since the energetic efficiency depends on the output of the plant which is H2, then a similar criterion is required to obtain high energy efficiency as that of H2 efficiency. read more... read less...

Keywords: Hydrogen Production, Chemical Looping Reforming, Exergy Analysis, Aspen Plus, Hydrogen Efficiency.

Optimization of Cable Layout Design in a Wind Farm: A Hybrid Approach

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 117 - 123

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.006

by M. Tifroute and H. Bouzahir from Laboratory of Engineering Systems and Information Technologies, ENSA Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

Abstract: In this paper, a hybrid algorithm based on modified Ants Colony Optimization (ACO) and Artificial Immune Algorithm (AIA) for solving the Steiner Minimal Tree Problem (SMTP) is introduced. Since the Steiner Tree Problem is NP-hard, we design an algorithm to construct high-quality Steiner trees in a short time which is suitable for real-time multicast routing in networks. After the breadth-first traversal of the minimal graph obtained by ACO, the terminal points are divided into different convex hull sets, and the full Steiner tree is structured from the convex hull sets partition. The Steiner points can be vaccinated by AIA to get an optimal graph. The average optimization effect of AIA is shorter than the minimal graph obtained using ACO, and the performance of the algorithm is shown. We give an example of an application in wind farm network design. read more... read less...

Keywords: Steiner Problem, Ant Colony Algorithm, Artificial Immune Algorithm

Optimization of Cable Layout Design in a Wind Farm: A Hybrid Approach

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 111 - 115

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.005

by M. Tifroute and H. Bouzahir from Laboratory of Engineering Systems and Information Technologies, ENSA Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

Abstract: In this paper, a hybrid algorithm based on modified Ants Colony Optimization (ACO) and Artificial Immune Algorithm (AIA) for solving the Steiner Minimal Tree Problem (SMTP) is introduced. Since the Steiner Tree Problem is NP-hard, we design an algorithm to construct high-quality Steiner trees in a short time which is suitable for real-time multicast routing in networks. After the breadth-first traversal of the minimal graph obtained by ACO, the terminal points are divided into different convex hull sets, and the full Steiner tree is structured from the convex hull sets partition. The Steiner points can be vaccinated by AIA to get an optimal graph. The average optimization effect of AIA is shorter than the minimal graph obtained using ACO, and the performance of the algorithm is shown. We give an example of an application in wind farm network design. read more... read less...

Keywords: Steiner Problem, Ant Colony Algorithm, Artificial Immune Algorithm

Regulating PPP Projects in the Energy Sector: An Exploratory Survey of Skills Required

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 105 - 110

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.004

by Abdullahi A. Umara, Noor Amil W. A. Zawawi, Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz, Taleb M. Al-Rousan from Alhosn University, Old Airport Road, Delma Street 13, Al-Musalla, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E `Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh Perak, Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

Abstract: The involvement of the private sector in the provision of public services through concessions has been growing over the years and the energy sector has seen its own fair share of such concessions. Because these services have monopoly characteristics, regulatory institutions were set up to protect society from monopoly exploitation, inefficiencies, and market failures. However, there has been a growing disenchantment with the state of service provision around the globe and consumers are blaming regulatory institutions' inability to protect them. The effectiveness of any regulatory institution is dependent on the expertise and competence of its staff. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the capacity requirement for effective regulatory governance and how best the present capacity gaps can be filled. This study reports the results of a survey of 101 energy industry stakeholders in public and private sectors across 35 countries. It was found that expertise in management, contract design, business analysis, project management, facilities management, risk management, ex-post negotiations, and sector-specific knowledge were crucial to the effective performance of regulatory institutions. Recruiting experts from the private sector were considered the most effective method of filling the capacity gaps in regulatory institutions. read more... read less...

Keywords: PFI/PPP; Infrastructure regulation; Skills

Hydropower and Future Environmental Policies

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 99 - 103

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.003

by I. Yuksel, H. Arman, and I. H. Demirel from Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Division, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Davutpasa-Istanbul, Turkey Geology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. 15551, Al-Ain, UAE

Abstract: Hydropower energy is a renewable, sustainable, and clean energy in the other alternative energy sources. Moreover, it does not deprive future generations in terms of raw materials or burdening them with pollutants or waste. Hydroelectric power plants utilize the basic national and renewable resources of the country. Although the initial investment cost of hydropower seems relatively high, the projects have the lowest production costs and do not depend on foreign capital and support, when considering environmental pollution and long-term economic evaluation. Hydropower is available in a broad range of project scales and types. Projects can be designed to suit particular needs and specific site conditions. As hydropower does not consume or pollute the water it uses to generate power, it leaves this vital resource available for other uses. read more... read less...

Keywords: Hydropower; Renewable Energy; Energy Utilization; environmental Policy, Turkey

Performance Improvement of Shallow Solar Pond using Nanoparticles

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 93 - 98

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.002

by Mohammad A. Hamdan and Lana A. Al-Qudah from Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

Abstract: Countries are going through a shortage of energy source; consequently, the futures are looking for an alternative source of energy. A very high potential Source of alternative source of energy is solar energy. A solar pond is one way to utilize solar energy and a shallow solar pond (SSP) is one type of solar pond. A shallow solar pond can be built easily and at a comparatively low cost over a large space, using and storing solar energy on a grand scale. They can’t pollute the air, and coupled with desalting units, they can be used to purify water. Shallow Solar ponds with nanoparticles give a great result. In this work, two shallow solar ponds were constructed and installed side by side to study the effect of adding aluminum oxide AL2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of the ponds (one with nanoparticles, while the other one without ). It was found that the performance of the shallow solar pond, in general, was improved by the addition of nanoparticles, with an increase in the temperature of the lower convective zone varies between 2.1oC to 11.3oC, with the maximum increase is obtained when 0.2% concentration of nanoparticles. read more... read less...

Keywords: Shallow Solar Pond, Nanoparticles, Energy Source

Polyethyleneimine Supported Mesoporous Silica for CO2 Capture: Adsorption Kinetics and Degradation Problems

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 2 (2016), PP 87 - 91

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.02.001

by Dang Viet Quang, Thosmas Nelson, and Mohammad R.M. Abu-Zahra from Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Masdar city, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA

Abstract: Polyethyleneimine-supported mesoporous silica (PEI-MPS) has widely been investigated as solid sorbents for CO2 adsorption in the laboratory. However, the adsorption kinetics of CO2 on this sorbent is still a disputed problem and the sorbent degradation could be a cause that hinders the sorbent from industrial application. In this study, the PEI-MPS sorbent was prepared by impregnating PEI onto mesoporous silica, and then the adsorption kinetics was investigated using the pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model, and intraparticle diffusion model. Results indicated that the CO2 adsorption kinetics on the sorbent occurred in a 2 stage process. In the early stage, it is well fitted by the pseudo-first-order model, but in the later stage, it is well fitted by the intraparticle diffusion model. The pseudo-second-order model proved to be the most suitable one to describe the adsorption of CO2 on the sorbent for the whole adsorption period with less than 5% absolute deviation. The sorbent with a CO2 adsorption capacity of 144.9 mg/g was calculated based on the fitting of the pseudo-second-order model. The major degradation issues and their potential effects on the CO2 capture process were also discussed. The degradation significantly impacts the performance and efficiency of the CO2 capture process. The chemical degradation, however, can be considerably minimized by humidification read more... read less...

Keywords: CO2 adsorption; CO2 capture; Polyethyleneimine; Adsorption/regeneration; Kinetic.

Numerical Modelling of Sonicated, Continuous Transesterification and Evaluation of Reaction Kinetics for Optimizing Biodiesel Reactor Design

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 79 - 86

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.012

by Mohammed Noorul Hussain, Tala el Samad, Mohammed Daqaq, Isam Janajreh from Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 54224

Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative and sustainable fuel that can reduce the dependence on fossil diesel. This commodity has not only been promoted in the developed world but also in Indonesia, Brazil, and several developing counties. In a general procedure, it is a product of a transesterification reaction of vegetable oils or wastes cooking oils with alcohol, in the presence of an acidic or basic catalyst. It is a slow reaction that is conventionally carried out in a mechanically stirred batch process. An advanced method to achieve high yield quality in less time is the sonication of the reaction in an integrated continuous process. Sonication causes micro-cavitation in the reactant mixture. The cavitation bubbles can have an internal pressure and temperature as high as 1000 atm and 5000K, respectively. The violent collapse of these bubbles causes a tremendous increase in mass transfer, thereby enhancing the reaction rates [1]. To optimize the design of the reactor, high fidelity modeling-assisted design is pursued. This enables the effective integration of the reactant transport and the sonication effect in a coupled acoustic, reactive multiple-specie flow. In this work, a cylindrical reactor is considered in which reactant mixture will be circulated and sonicated by a sonotrode type ultrasound equipment. To simulate the sonication effect the linear, time-independent wave equation is solved for the fluid domain, which provides us with the acoustic pressure variation in the fluid. To account for the attenuation of the wave due to cavitation bubbles the modified wave number is used. To account for the chemical reactions, laminar reacting flow is assumed for the reactant mixture for which the Navier-Stokes equations and transport equation for dilute species are solved for the fluid. A logical reaction rate coupling model, which is dependent on the acoustic pressure and flow velocity, is used to evaluate the kinetics of the reaction, which are to be used as a judging factor for the reactor design [2]. read more... read less...

Keywords: : Transesterification, ultrasound, biodiesel, process intensification, numerical modelling

On the Modeling of Industrial Furnaces and Combustion Chambers

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 73 - 83

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.12.01.010

by Essam E Khalil from Professor of Mechanical Engineering , Fellow AIAA, Fellow ASME, Fellow ASHRAE, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: The recent advances in numerical methods and the vast development of computers had directed the designers to better development and modifications to airflow patterns and heat transfer in furnaces. Extensive efforts are exerted to adequately predict the heat transfer characteristics in the combustor zones and to reduce the emitted pollution and noise abatement to ultimately produce quiet and energy-efficient combustor systems. The present paper introduces a newly developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program (3DTCFD) to predict the airflow characteristics in the furnaces. The present paper fosters mathematical modeling techniques to primarily predict what happens in three-dimensional combustion chambers simulating boiler and industrial furnaces in terms of heat transfer characteristics and interactions. The present work also demonstrates the effect of chamber design and operational parameters on performance under various operating parameters. The governing equations of mass, momentum, and energy are commonly expressed in a preset form with source terms to represent pressure gradients, turbulence, and heat transfer. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in combustors play an important role in efficiency, thermal balance, and performance. The present paper discusses the various modeling assumptions in furnaces. The present paper discusses the various combustion modeling assumptions in furnaces. The numerical grid comprises; typically, 200000-grid nodes covering the combustion chamber volume in the X, R, or Y and Z coordinate directions. The numerical residual in the governing equations typically less than 0.001 %. Examples of the large industrial furnaces are shown in the present paper are in good agreement with available measurements in the open literature. The present modeling capabilities are shown to adequately predict the local flow pattern and turbulence kinetic energy levels in complex furnaces. read more... read less...

Keywords: : CFD, Combustion Modelling, Furnaces

Evaluation of Solar Hybrid Power Systems and its Efficacy in the UAE Market

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 73 - 78

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.011

by Zaki Iqbal, and Gorkem Soyumer from RAK Research and Innovation Center, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE Enerwhere Sustainable Energy, Dubai, UAE

Abstract: Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, the supplying of the electricity demand using hybrid (solar and diesel) systems have attracted great interest in UAE [1]. In this paper, comparisons of electricity generation with three configurations have been studied, starting from the base scenario of i) multiple stand-alone hybrid systems which are upgraded to ii) AC-coupled mini-grid and iii) DC-coupled mini-grid. The available energy supply, storage, and transmission units as well as internal electrical demand of RAKRIC’s open-air R&D laboratory, Solar, have constituted the basis of the calculations. The cost estimates for the major components forming mini-grids have been found out to be comparable for AC-coupled and DC-coupled networks. Although the results provided in this paper do not apply universally since the feasibility of electricity transmission and storage is notably affected by the positions of supply and load centers along with the generation and consumption time profiles. The solar hybrid power system can be the next option for the UAE fast-growing market. read more... read less...

Keywords: Hybrid Electricity, AC Coupled, DC Coupled, Stand-Alone Off-Grid, Homer

Fe-Cu Compounds in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Influence of Magnetic Field on Mesoporous Structure

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 67 - 72

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.010

by Abdul Hai Alami, Di Zhang, Camilia Aokal, Jehad Abed, Ideisan Abu Abdoun, Hussain Alawadhid from Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272m Sharjah, UAE Masdar Institute of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272m Sharjah, United Arab Emirates d Applied Physics Department, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272m Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of applying a static and dynamic magnetic field in the process of depositing the Fe-Cu compound on the working electrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Depositing this compound on glass is especially hard due to the unfavorable layer inconsistencies that accompany the utilization of the doctor blade technique and the dissociation of the compound at a temperature of 700˚C, which prevents its ability to be evaporated or sintered beyond that temperature. The Fe-Cu compound is appreciably cheaper, relatively simple to produce, and is more absorptive (>81%) in the Vis-NIR than the standard TiO2 mesoporous material normally used for DSSCs. The high diffusion of the Fe into the Cu lattice allows the compound to behave as a semiconductor and is found to have a bandgap of 1.8V. The sensitizer used in the production of a test cell consisted of a Schiff base dye with a compatible bandgap of 1.68 eV and resulted in more generated photocurrent than its TiO2 counterpart, which is a promising result for an alternative mesoporous layer in solar cells. read more... read less...

Keywords: Ferromagnetic Mesoporous Material, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, Schiff Base Dyes

Energy Savings Potential Associated with Reactive Power in Water Pumping Systems

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 61 - 65

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.009

by Abdallah S. Hejab and Ahmad H. Sakhrieh from Head of Technical Studies, Research and Development, Water Authority of Jordan, 5012 Amman 11181, Jordan Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, 10021 UAE Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan

Abstract: ]This paper presents the potential of energy saving in the water pumping system. A sample of 32 pumping units has been chosen randomly for the current work. Measurements of power quality energy loss were performed, using Fluke 437-ii power quality and energy analyzer. It was found that energy losses due to reactive power are about 22% of the total power energy losses in water pumping units in Jordan. Losses due to reactive power is 14.57 GWh in 2012 with an expected cost of 51.2 GWh during 2015-2017; unless reactive power is cured read more... read less...

Keywords: Energy Efficiency,Reactive Power,Water Pumping

Design and Investigation into the Thermal and Mechanical Performance of a Polymer Composite Prototype Gas-Liquid Heat Exchanger

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 51 - 59

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.008

by Bidisha Ghosh, Wadeema Yousef, Mariam Al Jaberi, Nuha Al Hajeri, Asrar Al Braiki, Valerie Eveloy, and Peter Rodgers from Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Abstract: Seawater-cooled metallic heat exchangers used in natural gas processing are prone to corrosion and fouling, resulting in increased operational and maintenance costs. A lab-scale polymer composite gas-liquid webbed tube bank heat exchanger is designed and evaluated for application in conditions representative of a fielded natural gas processing application. The heat exchanger thermal performance and structural integrity are investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element (FE) models, respectively. For polymer composite thermal conductivities above 20 W/m-K, in forced gas-side convection, the exchanger heat transfer rate is comparable to that of a high conductivity conventional metallic heat exchanger having the same geometry, at reduced materials, manufacturing, and operational costs. In addition, the prototype heat exchanger would be structurally reliable at the maximum envisaged gas-side operating pressure for the application considered. read more... read less...

Keywords: Polymer, Composite, Heat Exchanger

Nature of Steel Effect on Intermetallic Compounds Obtained by Galvanization,

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 47 - 50

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.007

by Younes Benarioua, and Didier Chicot from Département de Génie Mécanique, Faculté de Technologie,Université de M’sila BP 166 Ichbilia 28000 M’sila, Algérie Université Lille Nord de France, Lille1, LML, UMR 8107, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

Abstract: en English Home Online text tools ▼ About project Remove multiple spaces This online tool help you quickly replace multiple (double) spaces in a string to single space, remove all spaces, empty space in the line beginning and line end and delete empty lines in your text. Remove multiple spaces online Paste your text in the textarea below: Zinc and some of its alloys have a number of characteristics that make it well suited for use as a protective coating against the corrosion of steel substrates under severe atmospheric conditions. The metal of zinc, which represents the main galvanization element offer then cathodic protection to the ferrous materials. Because of these excellent characteristics, galvanization coatings are expected to be used for different protective application fields. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the nature of steel substrate on the microstructure and the hardness of the intermetallic compounds. The steels used as the substrate are employed in the agriculture field as tubes and irrigation elements in the pivot. After an optimal preparation of the surface of the substrate by an appropriate roughness process, the steels specimen were immersed in a molten zinc bath maintained at 450°C. The chemical reactions which take place between the steel and the liquid zinc give rise to the formation of the  and  intermetallic compounds and the -Fe/Zn solid solution. The structure of the coating was identified by X-ray diffraction. The morphology and thickness of phases formed the coatings at different parameters took place with an optical microscope. Finally, the hardness of coatings was measured with a Vickers hardness tester. Your text without multiple spaces: Zinc and some of its alloys have a number of characteristics that make it well suited for use as a protective coating against the corrosion of steel substrates under severe atmospheric conditions. The metal of zinc, which represents the main galvanization element offer then cathodic protection to the ferrous materials. Because of these excellent characteristics, galvanization coatings are expected to be used for different protective application fields. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the nature of steel substrate on the microstructure and the hardness of the intermetallic compounds. The steels used as the substrate are employed in the agriculture field as tubes and irrigation elements in the pivot. After an optimal preparation of the surface of the substrate by an appropriate roughness process, the steels specimen were immersed in a molten zinc bath maintained at 450°C. The chemical reactions which take place between the steel and the liquid zinc give rise to the formation of the  and  intermetallic compounds and the -Fe/Zn solid solution. The structure of the coating was identified by X-ray diffraction. The morphology and thickness of phases formed the coatings at different parameters took place with an optical microscope. Finally, the hardness of coatings was measured with a Vickers hardness tester. Remove multiple spaces options Replace multiple spaces to single space Replace multiple spaces to double space Remove all spaces Remove Spaces and Tab in the lines beginning Remove Spaces and Tab in the lines end Remove empty lines Popular online tools Remove Line Breaks Text to Html Letter Case Converter Remove Multiple Spaces Flip Text - ʇxǝʇ dıןɟ Ⓑⓤⓑⓑⓛⓔ Ⓣⓔⓧⓣ Сolumn to Separated List Additional information Remove Double Spaces with Delphi Remove Double Spaces with C# Remove Double Spaces with Javascript Remove Double Spaces with PHP © 2010-2021 Dovzhyk Mykhailo support@texthandler.com Online tool that remove multiple (double) spaces, empty space in the lines beginning and lines end and delete empty lines. Texthandler - online text tools read more... read less...

Keywords: Steel, Zinc, Iron, Galvanization.

Performance of World Health Organization as a Green Building

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 41 - 46

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.006

by K. Hassouneha, A. Al-Salaymeh, and A. Sakhrieh from Architecture Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering & Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering & Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE

Abstract: The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources, and heavy environmental impacts. The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption has steadily increased. Jordan relying on importing more than (97%) of its oil needs. The household in Jordan consumes 43% of the total electricity produced. The current situation enforces us to have more efficient use of energy in this sector. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at the national and international levels. The Jordanian building codes such as the Jordan green building code were developed to face energy challenges that Jordan has recently encountered. In the residential sector, energy is used for equipment and appliances that provide heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and other household demands. In this study, an efficient energy building has been selected and studied. The present study concentrates on one of the energy-saving examples, which is the Green building represented in the World Health Organization (WHO) building in Amman. A comprehensive study of energy consumption in the building has been carried out. A comparison between the Jordanian regular buildings and the current building was made; EnergyPlus was used to make all calculations. It is found that the WHO building saves 23.9% of the total energy saved from HVAC systems, and widely dependent on natural lighting. WHO reduces the Greenhouse gas emissions of CO2, about 57563.12 kg of CO2 were reduced, which helps in the global warming. read more... read less...

Keywords: rapidly growing, world health organization, green building

Simulation and Economic Analysis of Solar Thermal Cogeneration System for Production of Heat and Pure Water using Membrane Distillation

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 33 - 39

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.005

by Uday Kumar N.T, Andrew Martin from RAK Research and Innovation Center, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE Department of Energy Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract: In this paper, a novel solar thermal cogeneration (termed as solar combi MD; SCMD) system for production of clean water and domestic hot water is modeled and analyzed for the weather conditions of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The system comprises solar collectors for the production of thermal energy, thermal storage for domestic hot water generation, and membrane distillation (MD) modules for clean water production gaining energy through a plate heat exchanger. The performance of cogeneration is analyzed with two different solar collectors used for domestic heating – flat plate collectors (FPC) and evacuated tube collector (ETC). The system is modeled and dynamically simulated using TRNSYS software for optimization of various design parameters like collectors tilt angle, the mass flow rate through MD loop, thermal store volume, and heat exchanger effectiveness. Cogeneration system efficiencies and collector areas have been determined for optimum conditions. Economic benefits are analyzed for FPC collectors and fuel costs savings compared to individual system operations. The total investment cost of the SCMD system for single-family applications would be around 5000$ with an impressive payback period of 5.5 years which is 30% lower than regular SDHW installations. read more... read less...

Keywords: Solar Domestic Hot Water, Cogeneration, Membrane Distillation, TRNSYS, Thermal Storage

Validation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Thermodynamic Models for System-level Integration

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 25 - 32

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.004

by Valerie Eveloy, Wirinya Karunkeyoon, Peter Rodgers, Ali Al Alili from Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Abstract: The accurate computational modeling of fuel cells is challenged by the complexity of fuel cell multi-physics, and the difficulty in finding comprehensively documented reference data for model validation. Three published experimental/numerical solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) configurations suitable for model validation are identified, the SOFC modeling and performance data of which is compiled from several sources. The configurations combine different cell constructions and operating conditions, in terms of fuel composition, fuel conversion, operating temperature, and pressure, as well as different SOFC model formulations. A system-level SOFC model is developed and validated based on the reference data compiled. Overall, good agreement is found between the present SOFC model predictions and the corresponding reference experimental/numerical data. read more... read less...

Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Modeling, System Level, Validation

Micro Gasturbine Integrated Design. Part 2: Compressor and Turbine

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 15 - 24

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.003

by Dario Barsi, Tiziano Garbarino, Andrea Perrone, Luca Ratto, Gianluca Ricci, Fabrizio Stefani, Pietro Zunino from DIME – University of Genova, Via Montallegro 1, 16145, Genova, Italy

Abstract: Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is widely employed to enhance turbomachinery component's efficiency. The aim of this work is to describe a complete tool for the aero-mechanical design of a radial inflow turbine and a centrifugal compressor. The high rotational speed of such machines and the high exhaust gas temperature (for the turbine) exposes blades to really high stresses and therefore the aerodynamics design has to be coupled with the mechanical one through an integrated procedure. This approach employs a fully 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver for the aerodynamics and an open-source Finite Element Analysis ( ) solver for the mechanical integrity assessment. Due to the high computational cost of both these two solvers, a metamodel, such as an artificial neural network, is employed to speed up the process. The interaction between two codes, the mesh generation, and the post-processing of the results are achieved via in-house developed scripting modules. The obtained results are widely presented and discussed. read more... read less...

Keywords: Cogeneration, Centrifugal Compressor, Radial Turbine, MicroGT

Micro Gasturbine Integrated Design. Part 1: Thermodynamic Cycle, Combustor, Recuperator and Bearings

IJTEE, volume-11 , Issue 1 (2016), PP 5 - 14

Published: 19 Dec 2016

DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.11.01.002

by Dario Barsi, Tiziano Garbarino, Andrea Perrone, Luca Ratto, Gianluca Ricci, Fabrizio Stefani, Pietro Zunino from DIME – University of Genova, Via Montallegro 1, 16145, Genova, Italy

Abstract: In the last years, micro gas turbines for cogeneration power plants have been proved to be a promising technical solution for the distributed production of electricity and heat. In order to enhance the machine efficiency and make it competitive with internal combustion engines, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of each component of the GT: in the first part of the paper, the focus will be put on the combustor, the recuperator, and the bearings. Combustor and bearings are cutting-edge technology and for them, a brief description of the design procedure has been reported. The recuperator plays a key role in the cycle efficiency since the reduction of the pinch point temperature difference can strongly enhance the overall efficiency, read more... read less...

Keywords: Cogeneration, Bearings, Combustor, Recuperator