Volume-18-Issue 1 (2021)
Latest Articles
An Intelligent Technique for Fault Analysis in Smart Grids
IJTEE, Volume-18, Issue 1 (2021) , PP 45 - 56
Published: 06 Dec 2021
DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.18.01.006
by Reem Alameri, Muhammad Munir, Sajid Hussain, Ali Al Alili, Ehab El-Sadaany from Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 12778, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, TELUS Telecommunication Inc., 3777 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC, CANADA V5H 3Z7, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Abstract: Power systems are moving towards smart grids through the incorporation of new digital technologies and equipment that increases the system complexity. The power systems become more prone to many types of failures such as cyber-attacks and sensors failure. Therefore, efficient fault analysis is essential to maintain normal grid operations. In this research, an intelligent technique is proposed to detect, classify, and understand the propagation behaviors of the short circuit faults induced in an IEEE 39-bus system. The proposed method is also capable of identifying faults causes and consequences, and suggesting remedial actions. The IEEE 39 bus system is modeled under normal and faulty conditions. A number of datasets are created from the smart grid model, which are then processed separately by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for fault detection. After that, statistical features are extracted from the coefficients generated by the DWT. The most significant features are identified by the Random Forest algorithm, producing reduced features matrices, which are used to train and test four supervised machine learning techniques, namely: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Bagged and Boosted Trees. The Frequency at the synchronous generators is found to be the best input to the classifiers based on the highest predictive accuracies attained by the classification techniques. The SVM achieved the highest average predictive accuracy of 98.4% and an F1 score of 0.98; therefore, it is selected as the best technique for fault classification. In addition, Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN) are built for fault propagation. The BBN can identify the fault location and the impacted buses through probability theory. Finally, a dynamic Fault Semantic Network (FSN) is constructed. The FSN utilizes the fault information and knowledge acquired by the Classifier and BBN for causes and consequences analysis and repair actions. read more... read less...
Keywords: Fault detection, Classification, Bayesian Belief Networks, Supervised Machine Learning
Prospect of Renewable Energy due to COVID-19 and Opportunity for Transition to Future Fuels
IJTEE, Volume-18, Issue 1 (2021) , PP 35 - 44
Published: 01 Dec 2021
DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.18.01.005
by Haider Ali khan, Muhammed Zafar Khan, Chaouki Ghanai, Isam Janajreh from Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology, India, Sustainable & Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, UAE
Abstract: Renewable energy is the energy of the future because it is the best long-term alternative for fossil fuels, which are facing numerous issues, particularly from an environmental standpoint. The world has established a number of targets to address the issues posed by the conventional energy sector. The United Nations has set 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030; previously, many countries were not on track to meet these goals; however, the Covid-19 pandemic, which not only affected people's health, but also the energy sector, has demonstrated how quickly we are accustomed to change and can respond quickly and collectively with a common goal. As a result, the focus of this article is on the COVID-19's influence on the RE industry and its implications for future greener fuels. We talked about the opportunities that have arisen as a result of the COVID-19 situation that can help with the shift to alternative fuels. Finally, the problems and opportunities facing the creation of more environmentally friendly transportation fuels are identified. This document offers governments practical insights, options, and recommendations to consider read more... read less...
Keywords: Renewable energy, COVID-19, Greener fuels
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Blends of HHO Gas with Gasoline and CNG
IJTEE, Volume-18, Issue 1 (2021) , PP 27 - 34
Published: 01 Dec 2021
DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.18.01.004
by Muhammad Shahid Farooq, Ussama Ali, Muhammad Mubashir Farid, Tanveer Mukhtar from Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
Abstract: Fossil fuels are widely used all over the world to power the motor vehicles. Due to superfluous consumption of these fuels, their reservoirs are depleting continuously. The huge demand of crude oil has caused the unprecedented price rise, environmental pollution, and global warming which directly affects the living beings as well as the surroundings in which they are surviving. Alternative fuels can suffice the demand with less adverse effects on the environment through the means of different sustainable technologies. Hydroxy gas (HHO) can be effective source of energy to combat these prominent issues. This work covers the experimental analysis of different parameters related to advantages and disadvantages of using HHO as a blend with gasoline and CNG fuel mixture. The analysis is based on engine performance and emissions. The experiments were performed on engine model fueled with a mixture of fuel and HHO gas. HHO was used as a fuel supplement. A compact HHO gas kit was installed in the engine compartment. A 219cc, four stroke, single cylinder spark ignition engine was used. No modifications were required in the engine design as HHO was used as a fuel supplement. The production of HHO was accomplished by the electrolysis of double distilled water in the presence of KOH(aq.) as an electrolyte. Products of water electrolysis consisted of H2 and O2 in the ratio of 2:1 by volumetric basis. Performance enhancement in overall engine characteristics such as brake power, specific fuel consumption, and overall efficiency was observed. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide was noticed. However, due to lean air-fuel mixture and tremendous peak combustion temperature the amount of NOx was increased. read more... read less...
Keywords: hydroxy gas, HHO, fuel blend, engine performance, exhaust emissions
DSSNet Framework - Analysis of Combined Simulation and Emulation Results for Smart Grid Planning and Evaluation: A Survey
IJTEE, Volume-18, Issue 1 (2021) , PP 19 - 25
Published: 01 Dec 2021
DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.18.01.003
by Usman Arshad, Muhammad Adnan , Farooq Mustafa Joyia, Waqas Nazir Awan, Muhammad Ali, Tayaba Abbasi from Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Abstract: The recent advancements in power sector and technological revolution have enabled an environment for scientist and researchers to explore this area in new terms. Successful operations of modern grid systems highly rely on the communication architecture. New mechanisms for effective, reliable, and controllable network applications are being developed to enhance the efficiency of grid systems. This inclusion of communication networks in Smart Grid (SG) systems has opened the doors to apply Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology to enhance the efficiency and performance of SG systems. The Distribution System Simulator Network (DSSNet) relies on container based virtual time system used for synchronization among power simulation and network emulation. System scalability and usability can be enhanced with the distributed controller environment. This research work provides a framework for combining power distribution simulation with SDN emulation to analyze communication network applications for planning and evaluation of smart grid systems. The performance of DSSNet has been demonstrated and evaluated with a case study of demand and supply application. Demand and supply application tested with a large number of nodes demonstrate a new research finding of time delay with increased nodes. Finally, limitations and shortcomings of DSSNet have also been discussed which opens new doors for researchers to explore large network and more nodes-based SG systems. read more... read less...
Keywords: Smart Grid, DSSNet, SDN Emulator, Power Simulator, ONOS, OpenDSS
Comparison of Physio-Chemical Characteristics of Different Compost Samples
IJTEE, Volume-18, Issue 1 (2021) , PP 09 - 17
Published: 01 Dec 2021
DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.18.01.002
by Tayyab Qureshi, Hafiz Muhammad Shoaib, Ussama Ali, Muhammad Hamid Siddiqi, Muhammad Asif Hussain, Hafiz Umair Lateef from University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Department of Advanced Materials Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, PL 50-370, Wroclaw, PL, Poland, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, School of Automation, Electrical Engineering Department, North Western Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
Abstract: The objective of the current study was to compare and analyze physiochemical characteristics of compost samples and determination of solid waste being dumped in a landfill site in Lahore, Pakistan. Different compost samples were analyzed to evaluate their physiochemical characteristics. The samples tested were collected from three different sources, i.e., Waste Buster, Kinnaird College, and Lahore Compost Private Limited, and compared with the waste sample dumped at Mahmood Booti landfill site. The analysis showed that the percentage composition of organics was highest than the other components in all the samples. The parameters that were analyzed include pH, moisture content, bulk density, salinity, carbon-nitrogen ratio, sodicity, available carbon, burned carbon, potassium, phosphorous, nitrogen, pathogens, gravel, and stones. The results were compared to the permissible limits according to The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Most of the sample components were under the permissible limits, whereas a few others were not, such as potassium and burned carbon. The amount of potassium was found to be 0.60 mg/L, 0.61 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L for the samples collected from Waste Buster, Kinnaird College, and Lahore Compost Private Limited , respectively. This is much less than the standards set by the EPA i.e., 620-2280 mg/L which can lead to deficiency of nutrients in the compost. Burned carbon was found to be 46%, and 41% in the samples from Waste Buster and Kinnaird College respectively, which is higher than the standard of 35%. The higher amount of burned carbon can damage the plants and is not desired. The salinity content was also found to be higher in the sample from Kinnaird College which was 8.99 dS/m compared to the standard of 4.0 dS/m. The compost sample of Lahore Compost Private Limited was found to be the best among the tested samples. read more... read less...
Keywords: Smart Grid, DSSNet, SDN Emulator, Power Simulator, ONOS, OpenDSS
Comparative Analysis of Nanofluid Coolant in a Car Radiator using CFD
IJTEE, Volume-18, Issue 1 (2021) , PP 00 - 08
Published: 01 Dec 2021
DOI: 10.5383/ijtee.18.01.001
by Muhammad Shahid Farooq, Muhammad Mubashir Farid, Ussama Ali, Tanveer Mukhtar from Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
Abstract: A computational analysis was performed to ascertain the effect of nanofluids on heat transfer in a flat tube heat exchanger of a car radiator. The nanofluids Al2O3/H2O and CuO/H2O were used with nanoparticles of different diameter in the range of 10-60 nm. A single-phase approach was implemented in the analysis. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated at various Reynolds numbers (250, 750, 1250, and 1750) with several nanoparticle concentration by volume of 1%, 3%, and 6%. Results indicated that the heat transfer rate increased with increase in the concentration by volume of nanoparticles. Whereas the decrease in the diameter of nanoparticle favored higher heat transfer rates. Therefore, the maximum heat transfer rate was observed at 6% concentration and at 10nm diameter size for both types of nanoparticles analyzed in this study for flat tube car radiator. The Al2O3/H2O nanofluid showed higher heat transfer rates than the CuO/H2O nanofluid at all Reynolds numbers. read more... read less...
Keywords: Flat tube heat exchanger, Nanoparticles, Convection heat transfer coefficient, Nanofluids, Heat transfer, CFD