• Issue 1 (2011)

Water Pollution and Waste Water Refinery Techniques

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 63 - 66

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.009

by Bahriye Gülgün, Serpil Önder, Nazlı Keskin, Funda Ünal Ankay from Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Landscape Architecture, İzmir-Turkey, Selcuk University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Landscape Architecture, Konya-Turkey

Abstract: From past to present, establishment of almost all civilizations close to the waterside shows the meaning and importance of water for life clearly. On the other hand, besides the values we have gained with the help of technology, unfortunately waters come first among the things we have lost. Therefore, finding a way to regain that value we have lost is our duty. While doing this we are going to cause environmental pollution, accordingly instead of using techniques that are going to cause new wounds, it would be better using more natural and cost-efficient techniques that will help us accomplish better goals. read more... read less...

Keywords: Water pollution, Waste water, Waste water refinery techniques, Biological systems used in waste water treatments

Distribution of Long-Life Radioisotopes (14C, 3H) in Water of Baltic Sea Basin

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 57 - 61

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.008

by Marianna Kulkova, Alena Davidochkina from Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St.Petersburg, Russia, 191186

Abstract: The expanding construction of nuclear industrial plants and nuclear power stations on the shores of the Baltic Sea is creating a real possibility for the introduction of radioactive wastes into the sea water and the waters of Baltic Sea basin (Ladoga Lake, St.Petersburg rivers). A low-level liquid scintillation system Quantulus 1220 (Wallac, Turku, Finland) was used for measurements of water samples from this region. Significant difference was observed on the distribution of tritium and radiocarbon concentrations in different types of water and snow of Baltic Sea basin. read more... read less...

Keywords: Radioactive pollution, Baltic Sea basin, Radiocarbon, Tritium, Quantulus1220, Scintillation Counter

Monitoring and Classifying Trophic States of Selected Lakes in Yellowstone Park, USA

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 49 - 56

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.007

by A. Woodruff Miller from Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 84602

Abstract: This paper discusses the monitoring and management of 40 lakes in Yellowstone National Park, USA, and presents the updated trophic state classifications for these lakes. The paper also documents that monitoring methods and perspectives used in this study meet current acceptable practices. For selected lakes in Yellowstone Park, phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, and other lake characteristics are studied to identify lake behaviour and classify the annual average trophic state of the lakes over the past 12 years. The four main trophic states are oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic & hypereutrophic. The greater the trophic state, the greater the level of eutrophication that has taken place. Eutrophication is the natural aging process of a lake as it progresses from clear and pristine water to more shallow, turbid, and nutrient rich water where plant life and algae are more abundant. Human interaction tends to speed up eutrophication by introducing accelerated loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus into aquatic systems. As lakes advance in the eutrophication process, water quality generally decreases. Four models are used to classify the trophic state of the lakes Carlson Trophic State Index, Burns Trophic Level Index, and the Vollenweider and Larsen-Mercier Models. Simple models are commonly used where steady-state conditions and lake homogeneity are assumed. There is concern those natural processes and human activity on and around the Yellowstone Lakes are causing the water quality to decline. Objectives of this study are to identify possible areas of concern and develop a baseline to which future evaluations can be compared. read more... read less...

Keywords: trophic state, lake water quality, eutrophication, phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, Secchi depth, modelling

Dimensionally Stable Sn1−x−yIrxSbyO2+2.5y Anodes for Acidic Water Electrolysis

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 43 - 48

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.006

by A. A. El-Moneim, H. Soliman from Materials Science and Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box. 21934, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt , Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (MuCSAT), P. O. Box. 21934, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract: Ti/Sn1−x−yIrxSbyO2+2.5y (x=0-0.65 and y=0.05-0.16) electrodes were prepared by thermal calcinations of SnCl4, SbCl5 and H4IrCl6/butanol mixture precursors at 550o C on three dimensions titanium substrate. The electrodes were characterized and examined as dimensionally stable anodes for oxygen generation during electrolysis at 104 Am-2 in 3M H2SO4 solution. Ti/Sn0.41Ir0.46Sb0.13O2.325 and Ti/Sn0.29Ir0.65Sb0.06O2.15 electrodes showed service life of 1300 and 2000h, respectively, compared with 400h for Ti/IrO2 electrode. The specific electrocatalytic activity of Ti/Sn1−x−yIrxSbyO2+2.5y electrodes was comparable to that of Ti/IrO2 electrode, especially at low current density applications. Effective dispersion of Ir species in the SnO2-Sb2O5 matrix and formation of single-phase solid solution oxide with compact structure are responsible for the unique performance of these electrodes. The beneficial role of Ir in ternary oxides was discussed in terms of resistivity and crystal tortuosity of coatings. A mechanism for oxygen evolution reaction is proposed read more... read less...

Keywords: composite, nanocrystalline, oxygen anode, cyclic voltammetry, XPS

Water and Solute Dynamics in Porous Media

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 37 - 42

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.005

by Titouna Dalila , Bougoul Saadi from Departement de mecanique, universite de Batna, Algerie, Departement de physique, universite de Batna, Algerie

Abstract: The aim of this study is to present briefly a two-dimensional model for describing the movement water and solute transport in two types of rockwool slabs – Floriculture, a high density and Expert with a low density one – water movement is described by Richard's equation which is implicitly solved using the control volume finite element method. The governing convection dispersion equation described the solute transport is explicitly solved. Numerical solutions are obtained for the water distribution and also for the concentration of solute. The model is validated by comparing the results of water transport developed by this model with experimental results. read more... read less...

Keywords: Simulation, Two dimensional, Water transport, Solute transport, Rockwool.

Caustic Soda Injection in Potablization Process

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 25 - 36

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.004

by Ghazi Ozair and Julio Torre Gutierrez from First National Operation & Maintenance Company Ltd. (NOMAC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 21482

Abstract: Shoaibah Independent Water & Power Project (SIWPP) is the largest private sector Desalination Plant in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia situated at about 110 Km south of port city Jeddah on the Red Sea coast. It consists of 12 Multistage Flash (MSF) Desalination evaporators having a net distillate production capacity of 880,000 m3 /day and 3 noncondensing types of turbines with a net Power generation capacity of 900 MW. M/s Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., are the principal manufacturer of MSF distillers. The Project Company is Shaybah Water & Electricity Co. (SWEC), the Project Developers are Saudi Malaysian Consortium and the Operators are Saudi Malaysian Operation & Maintenance Company (SAMAOMCO), whereas the First National Operation Company (NOMAC), an international joint venture, is practically operating this gigantic facility as sub-contractors. The Plant started its commercial operation since 14th January, 2010. The following paper is an overview, which basically describes the philosophy of post-treatment of the desalinated water (distillate) produced from MSF distillers. This process is commonly known as Potabilization or Re-Mineralization or Recoronation. The basic objectives of Potabilization, chemistry involved in this process and different methods of Remineralization have been presented in this paper. Also, an assessment has been made to investigate whether there is any scope to minimize and/or totally eliminate the Caustic Soda (NaOH) injection from the Potabilization process at SIWPP. All possible concerns in this regard, which one might think of, have been evaluated and addressed in this paper. Shoaibah Independent Water & Power Project (SIWPP) is the largest private sector Desalination Plant in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia situated at about 110 Km south of port city Jeddah on the Red Sea coast. It consists of 12 Multistage Flash (MSF) Desalination evaporators having a net distillate production capacity of 880,000 m3 /day and 3 noncondensing types of turbines with a net Power generation capacity of 900 MW. M/s Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., are the principal manufacturer of MSF distillers. The Project Company is Shaybah Water & Electricity Co. (SWEC), the Project Developers are Saudi Malaysian Consortium and the Operators are Saudi Malaysian Operation & Maintenance Company (SAMAOMCO), whereas the First National Operation Company (NOMAC), an international joint venture, is practically operating this gigantic facility as sub-contractors. The Plant started its commercial operation since 14th January, 2010. The following paper is an overview, which basically describes the philosophy of post-treatment of the desalinated water (distillate) produced from MSF distillers. This process is commonly known as Potabilization or Re-Mineralization or Recoronation. The basic objectives of Potabilization, chemistry involved in this process and different methods of Remineralization have been presented in this paper. Also, an assessment has been made to investigate whether there is any scope to minimize and/or totally eliminate the Caustic Soda (NaOH) injection from the Potabilization process at SIWPP. All possible concerns in this regard, which one might think of, have been evaluated and addressed in this paper. read more... read less...

Keywords: Potablization, Distillate, Multistage Flash, Passivation, Non-Aggressive, Langelier’s Saturation Index

Biofilm Polishing of Effluent for Reuse

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 17 - 24

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.003

by Rakmi Abd-Rahman, Saleh Ali Tweib, Hamirosima Hasani from Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43650 Bangi, Malaysia

Abstract: The major risks lie in the wastewater is the pathogen city of the bacteria move with wastewater and sludge, which can cause many diseases, and most important of these pathogenic prions in sewage, including harmful bacteria that cause typhoid, cholera, dysentery and other diseases infectious organisms, protozoa. Recently, the potential of bio film reactors to remedy toxic liquid effluents, especially wastewater containing chlorinated organic has gained remarkable reorganization. Bio films rectors have bio mass active even at very low concentration of the target organic, rendering the rector more sufficient for the purpose of removing track toxic compounds in waste water. However, biofilm process has also been found to be less sensitive to the presence of toxic and in laboratory materials, and more resistant to shock loading then dispersed growth system. Such characteristics are essential where floor space is becoming expensive and yet there is great need to treat and polish industries effluents before reuse. This research was conducted, aiming to study the potential of implementing biofilm biological process in waste water treatments and there are four specific objectives are achieved like following: polishing effluent, study Biofilm process effluent, study the condition of the influents and effluents of the pond and d analyse the critical parameters in the pond that effect to the aquatic life and physical pond state. read more... read less...

Keywords: Biofilm Reactor, Process of Biofilm, waste water. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationship for some Regions in Saudi Arabia

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 7 - 16

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.002

by Ibrahim H. Elsebaie from College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 11421

Abstract: Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship of rainfall amount is one of the most commonly used tools in water resources engineering for planning designing, and operation of water resources projects, or for various engineering projects against floods. The objective of this research is therefore, to derive IDF relationship of rainfall for two regions in the kingdom. These relationships are useful in the design of urban drainage works, culverts and other hydraulic structures. Two commonly frequency analysis techniques were used to develop the relationship between the rainfall intensity, storm duration, and return periods from rainfall data for two regions in Saudi Arabia. These techniques are: Gumbel and the Log Pearson Type III distribution. In order to do that, rainfall data was obtained for different durations. A set of curves was plotted using the intensity-duration-frequency data to be the basis of the analysis. An equation for calculating rainfall intensity for every region was derived based on the results obtained from the IDF data. The results obtained using Gumbel distribution are slightly higher than the results obtained using the Log Pearson III distribution. In general, the results obtained using the two approaches are very close and have the same trend. Rainfall intensities are drawn from these two methods and the results obtained from that work showed good consistency with what has been done before in some parts of the study area. Further studies are recommended whenever there will be more data to verify the results obtained or updating those IDF curves. read more... read less...

Keywords: curve, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, rainfall frequency relationships

Water Resources Management for Paros Island, Greece

SWES, volume-02 , Issue 1 (2011), PP 1 - 6

Published: 09 Dec 2010

DOI: 10.5383/swes.02.01.001

by Flora Konstantopoulou, Songsong Liu, Lazaros G. Papageorgiou and Petros Gikas, from Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, 73100, Greece, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom

Abstract: Non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated and reclaimed water, should be taken into account for water deficient islands, as natural water resources are not sufficient. The present article proposes a model to calculate the optimal (minimum cost) water and wastewater management infrastructure for the island of Paros, in Cyclades Complex in Greece, taking into account water availability and water demand. The proposed model, takes also into account geographical aspects, the localised water demand (of potable and non-potable quality) and wastewater production, the water and wastewater storage and conveyance systems, and the operating cost of the facilities. The model is based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) techniques. read more... read less...

Keywords: integrated water resources management, desalination, wastewater treatment, water reclamation, mixed integer linear programming (MILP)